New York, New Jersey and Illinois are to begin automatically quarantining medical staff who return from areas badly affected by Ebola.
The decision by the health authorities follows former Doctors Without Borders medic Craig Spencer testing positive for the disease several days after he returned from Guinea.
Dr Spencer, 33, was able to travel on the subway and go bowling before he showed the classic symptoms of the virus and had to go to hospital.
The US government said it was considering adopting the move for the whole country after it emerged that Dr Spencer had already been checked at the border and declared safe.
Health workers in the UK, meanwhile, expressed concerns that compulsory quarantines worldwide could have a negative impact.
Paul Humphries, an aid worker from West London who is about to return to Sierra Leone, told Sky News that a forced 21-day quarantine would be a major barrier for volunteers like him.
"It is impractical and it is also unnecessary," he said.
"The virus can only be passed if you come into contact with the bodily fluids or blood of a victim. Aid workers can easily monitor themselves."
Hours after the policy was announced in the US, a female healthcare worker who had been quarantined when she arrived from the affected region into Newark Liberty International Airport, New Jersey, was isolated with a fever.
Preliminary tests have come back negative for the Ebola virus, but the woman continues to be monitored at University Hospital, Newark.
New York Governor Andrew Cuomo said. "We've seen what happens... You ride a subway. You ride a bus. You could infect hundreds and hundreds of people."
President Barack Obama praised New York City's quick reaction to its first Ebola case and said he has promised local officials any federal help they need.
He said the US must be guided by science and not fear as it responded to Ebola, insisting the disease can be beaten if people remain vigilant.
The president also sought to reassure members of the public by hugging Dallas nurse Nina Pham, who was one of the first to be treated for the virus in the US.
She had caught it while working as one of the medical staff treating a man who had earlier arrived from Liberia and who later died of the disease.
Ms Pham, 26, was declared cured on Friday, and gave a speech, thanking those who had treated her.
She said: "I feel fortunate and blessed to be standing here today."
Officials said she did not take any experimental drugs, but she did use blood plasma from previous survivor Dr Kent Brantly, who she also thanked.
Her colleague Amber Vinson, who caught the disease at the same time, was also declared cured, but was not yet well enough to leave hospital.
Dr Spencer remains in a stable condition in an isolation ward at Bellevue Hospital in New York undergoing treatment.
The latest case comes as the World Health Organisation (WHO) announced that it expects hundreds of thousands of doses of a new Ebola vaccine to be available by early next year.
WHO said the number of Ebola deaths has risen to 4,922 and the total cases passed the 10,000 mark at 10,141, mostly in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone.
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